Correct adjective endings seem like small details, but they are critical to your overall German fluency.
Not knowing them could mean losing a potential job, romantic prospect, or worst of all, a German placement test. Imagine that you are speaking German, hoping to impress a client with your expertise, when your potential client finds your incorrect adjective endings so jarring that they have to interrupt and correct you in a besserwisserische (know-it-all) tone:
“… Die neue Methoden der Suchmaschineopti-“
“Meinst du vielleicht die neuen Methoden der Suchmaschineoptimierung?”
(Maybe you mean the new methods of search engine optimization?)
(Maybe you mean the new methods of search engine optimization?)
Your credibility and self confidence will deflate like the Japanese Yen.
Time to review this two-step approach and really practice getting German adjectives right! Yup, it's possible!
Step 1: Determine the correct form of the article
The correct form of the article has two components:
- the noun’s gender
- the noun’s case
So, the magic formula’s two ingredients are both famous oh-my-god-I-can-never-learn-German aspects of the language – like German word order. The gender of the noun is something you’ll have to memorize or look up in the dictionary every time – just be glad that with the LEO dictionary it only takes a few seconds.
The case of the noun can be nominative, accusative, dative or genitive. Generally, nominative is the subject of the sentence, accusative the object, dative the indirect object and genitive just adds an “of.” There are some verbs or situations in which the apparent subject is actually in dative, like “Mir ist warm” (I am warm) or “Mir hat es gefallen” (It pleased me), and some verbs that have a dative object instead of an accusative object. Though this might seem daunting at first, it’s such an integral part of understanding the meaning of a sentence that you’ll get better at it very quickly.
Once you know the gender and the case, just take a look at these tables and voila: you’ve got the correct form of the article!
The definite article der, and similar article-like words dieser, jener, jeder, mancher, welcher and solcher all decline according to the following table.
. Masc. Fem. Neut. Plur.
Nom. Der Die Das Die
Acc. Den Die Das Die
Dat. Dem Der Dem Den
Gen. Des Der Des Der
The indefinite article ein, the possessive pronouns (mein, dein, usw.), and the negation pronoun kein all decline according to the following table:
. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. Ein Eine Ein
Acc. Einen Eine Ein
Dat. Einem Einer Einem
Gen. Eines Einer Eines
Step 2: Find the correct adjective ending
There are two kinds of adjective endings, the strong ending and the weak ending, which roughly correspond to the two tables above. Whether you use a strong ending or a weak ending depends on which article (der, ein) is used.
After an indefinite article, use the strong ending. After a definite article, use the weak ending.
Basically, the form of the direct article, which distinguishes between the sex of nouns, like der or das, needs to be used at least once when describing a noun, either in the article or in the adjective ending.
Strong Ending Rules
In any of the following four cases, the adjectives take what is called the strong ending:
- Indefinite articles
- Possessives
- kein/keinen/keine
Strong Ending Table
. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom -er -e -es
Akk -en -e -es
Dat -en -en -en
Gen -en -en -en
Mein biologischer Vater war ein grosser Mann
. (Nom., Possessive, der Vater) (Nom., indefinite article, der Mann)
. (Nom., Possessive, der Vater) (Nom., indefinite article, der Mann)
Meine neue Freundin trägt keine blauen Jeans, nur Kleider
. (Nom., Possessive, die Freundin) (Acc., kein, die Jeans)
. (Nom., Possessive, die Freundin) (Acc., kein, die Jeans)
Höllandisches Bier hat einfach keinen guten Geschmack
. (Nom., no article, das Bier) (Acc., kein, der Geschmack)
. (Nom., no article, das Bier) (Acc., kein, der Geschmack)
Sie traf einen netten Amerikaner an der Bushaltestelle
. (Acc., indefinite article, der Amerikaner)
. (Acc., indefinite article, der Amerikaner)
Er trank ein kleines Bier
. (Acc., indefinite article, das Bier)
. (Acc., indefinite article, das Bier)
Weak Ending Table
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom -e -e -e
Akk -en -e -e
Dat -en -en -en
Gen -en -en -en
There are many more article-like words in the German language that take an ending similar to the definite article. Adjectives that come after this ending all take the weak ending.
One way of understanding the weak ending is thinking about it as the determiner of the noun. Instead of DER weiße Schnee, you haveein WEIßER Schnee, where the same information (-er) that was emphasized on der is now added to the adjective Weißer.
Ich habe noch nie einen Abend verbracht mit solchen witzigen Typen.
. [dative plural] . (I’ve never spent an evening with such funny guys.)
. [dative plural] . (I’ve never spent an evening with such funny guys.)
Ich brauche deine Hilfe mit diesem chinesischen Rezept.
. [dative, das Rezept] . (I need your help with this Chinese recipe.)
. [dative, das Rezept] . (I need your help with this Chinese recipe.)
Welcher Mitarbeiter ist für dieses Projekt zuständig?
. [der Mitarbeiter, nominative; das Projekt, accusative] . (Which employee is responsible for this project?)
. [der Mitarbeiter, nominative; das Projekt, accusative] . (Which employee is responsible for this project?)
